Invocation to self-flagellation

1988: The march that was

It has been three decades since the famous Save Western Ghats March, a momentous event in the ecological (activist) history of India. It had reminded people then about the virtues of protecting nature to keep the 'gateway to the monsoons' thriving with natural processes. Much has happened since 1988, when the marchers had congregated in Goa after traversing from the southern and northern tip of nearly 1,600 kms of the amazing biological corridor. While the news of comprising ecology for the sake of development continues unabated, the voices of conservationists has been somehow lost in the din of the fast-paced development. That a large majority favours development is no reason for the small minority to remain silent, because history tells us that a 'majority' has always been protected by a 'minority'. 

'For some reasons, it has come to my realization that pleasure and pain, and in somewhat similar tone paradise and hell co-exist. Paradoxically, neither is complete without the other. Not without reason, therefore, has man understood that suffering, if confronted without fear, is his passport to freedom. There is a volume of literature which indicates that pain indeed complements pleasure, prompting people through the ages to inflict pain as a way of attaining freedom, a celebration of life. A Treatise in Self-flagellation, published in 1718, shows how to achieve pleasure through pain, but without harming the body. In ancient Greece, the finest Spartan warriors were whipped once a year, from morning till night, in homage to the goddess Artemia, while the crowd urged them on, calling on them to withstand the pain with dignity, for it was preparing them for the world of war. At the end of the day, the priests would examine the wounds on the warriors' backs and use them to predict the city's future.'  

The contours of the resilient ecosystem of the Western Ghats, and the emerging challenges posed by persistent obsession with development calls for the young spartans of the Sahyadri to prepare themselves for protecting the unsuspecting people, flora and fauna of the region, yet again.  

(the text in italics is from the Preface to the book Sahyadri: Reminiscences and Reflections, 2009, Prakruti. Limited copies of the colorful book are available from appiko@gmail.com).  

We were in the race, not to miss the race

We were in no mood to let go that opportunity. And so were a couple of others, including Pandurang Hegde and a young South African photographer Luke Metelerkamp. Much to the displeasure of our other colleagues* who were waiting for us at Moodbidri (a town near Mangalore) to discuss next set of actions to scale our efforts for protecting the Western Ghats, we had set out on our journey to witness the race of a lifetime instead. Can 'environment' of a place be protected without preserving 'culture' of its people? 

Not to undermine our own efforts, I must confess that there were several times more people at the racing event than what we could bring together for our meeting. It is the collective exuberance that is natural to such congregations, something which cannot be artificially created. There is a cultural chord that binds people together. But there were many among us who were vociferous in their opposition to racing animals as it violated animal rights. They were vindicated three years later when, in 2014, the buffalo racing was banned in the state. 

I was happy to have witnessed one such race, not knowing it would be banned one day. It neither involved horses nor cars but a pair of buffaloes racing on a slushy track with a determined athlete in toe. Much like the sturdy pair of bovine, the six-pack athlete was no less determined to win the race either. It was indeed a festive occasion with hundreds of villagers cheering the racing duo, it has been a long-held tradition of celebrating the man-animal co-existence for a bountiful harvest in coastal Karnataka.   

Barapan Kebo: Sanawa tribe holds buffalo race in Indonesia

This was my first brush with this cultural extravaganza, called Kambala, in village Venur in the coastal region of Mangalore. It was a pleasant wintry evening in January 2011, the well-lit arena was decked up in celebration with people in all hues thronging the racing track. What had begun as a thanksgiving event for protecting the cattle against diseases, the annual racing event has grown into a competitive sport that enthralls and entertains.    

It wasn't a long track, 150 meters only or even less. Keeping pace with raging buffaloes on the slush track was indeed testing. Racing at an incredible speed, it was a perfect test for human endurance against incredible bovine power. For the fear of running over, half a dozen villagers had to herd together to take control of the animals at the finish line. They would calm the animals by giving it a hug, make it eat and rest before the next race. Each of the racing pairs looked well groomed and healthy, as did the accompanying athletes.

Were the animals tortured during training? Were these creatures intoxicated to run the way they did? The organizers had led us to the animal resting places to find for ourselves if that was the case. 'These are no ordinary cattle, they bring laurels to the village', quipped one athlete. These are treated like sportsmen, nurtured and trained in the art of racing from early years. No wonder, there were no marks of external injury on any of the participating animals. I later learnt that some owners even train their buffaloes in separate swimming pool for getting them used to conditions before every race.  

That these are special animals, treated like children and selected for their sturdy features including disease resistance, made me think that this annual cultural event was more than just an occasion for fun and frolic. It promoted the process of natural selection in disguise. The best among buffaloes get selected, nurtured and tested. The animals people race are the animals that help breed the next generation of calves, sturdy to withstand adverse conditions. That such a valuable process was conducted by the communities at their own initiative, and for the benefit of the society at large surely called for a celebration! I'm indeed relieved that the ban has been lifted, the intangible gains of such events are too costly to ignore.        

With hardly anything worth celebrating in the countryside these days, the assent for re-conduct of Kambala by the first citizen of the country (as a parting gift before the Hon'ble President of India demitted the high office in July 2017) has given something for the last citizens in coastal Karnataka to cheer about.  

*we meant no disrespect then for the sentiments of our colleagues who had frowned at us for giving the all important meeting a miss, to not miss the race.

The bee masters are back

Much before the Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), a term coined by commercial beekeepers in 2006, had wiped out some 40 per cent of the honeybee colonies in the US, the invasion by the Thai Sac Brood (TSB) virus in 1978 had led to a huge loss in the bee population in many parts of India. It affected the fledgling small-scale beekeeping sector in the Western Ghats region in Karnataka, which had until 1985 produced the highest quantity — an estimated 7.5 lakh kg — of honey in the country.

The TSB invasion had eroded beekeepers’ confidence to such an extent that many turned away from the vocation for good. The once-conducive environment and the expansive availability of flora in the Western Ghats had prompted the setting up of one of the country’s earliest beekeepers’ cooperative society at Honavar taluk of Uttar Kannada district in 1941.

But after the TSB attack, Venkatappa Naik of Honavar was left with just two beehives out of the 40 he had earlier. The biggest honey producer in Asia at one time, Suresh Chengappa in Coorg could never recover after losing his 800 beehives. It has been reported that as much as 95 per cent of the beehive population was affected across the country. The worst impact was on the locally suited Asiatic honeybee called Apis cerena indica.

“While Europe had resorted to creating ‘flowering recovery zones’ to restore the bee population, we brought beekeeping back into the popular imagination through exposure and training,” says Pandurang Hegde, who has spearheaded the Save Honey Bee Campaign in the Western Ghats since the late 1990s. Each year, during the honey harvesting period from April to June, several camps are organised across the region for people to appreciate the value of honeybees in their lives.

The results are impressive. At last count, nearly 500 beekeepers had re-established their bee colonies, and the number is growing. Part of the credit goes to Dharmendra Mashigadde, in Sirsi, who took up the challenge of scouting for the virus-resistant red strain of the Asiatic honeybee, and introduced it into the region. It has paid dividends in reviving the culture of domesticating honeybees in the region, which holds a cultural significance for the farmers here.

The Save Honey Bee Campaign has demonstrated that while the problem may be complex, it is not altogether impenetrable. Einstein’s prophetic words, “If the bee disappears from the surface of the Earth, man would have no more than four years to live” certainly rings true. The campaign’s volunteers have replaced the erstwhile Jenu Master (Bee Master), who used to go from house to house to assist beekeepers in keeping their beehives healthy.

This write-up was first published in the BusinessLine on April 7, 2017.

P4WG to pedal across the region to sensitize people

P4WG has moved to the next stage on its engagement to steer communities in the region towards protection of the biodiversity hotspot called 'Western Ghats'. A meeting held at the Peaceful Society campus in Madkai (Goa) on Jan 3, 2015 unanimously resolved to work for the protection and conservation of the eco-sensitive, biodiversity-rich wildlife corridor. 

Led by Pandurang Hegde and Kalandand Mani, the meeting had notable presence of stalwarts like Claude Alvares and Vaishali Patil to young enthusiasts like Nirmal Kulkarni and Shraddha Bharathi, the discussions focused on the implications of the confusion created in the minds of people in the region with respect to the implementation of the recommendations of the Gadgil Report (WGEEP) and the Kasturirangan Report (HLWG Report). Claude Alvares informed that the matter on implementation of the HLWG & WGEEP reports have been disposed by National Green Tribunal (Application 26/2012), leaving scope for challenging any notifications in this regard. He also said that the Gram Sabha, the Biological Diversity Act and the 73rd Constitution Amendment Act are paramount in environmental decision making at the grassroots (for Times of India  report on the meeting click).

The group discussed a range of issues viz., forest clearance, private forests, land regulation, Forest Rights Act, CRZ regulations, need for environment impact assessment, cumulative impact and carrying capacity. As many as 14 known activists and youngsters from Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka took part in the meeting to chalk out a strategy for 2015 and beyond. The group has drawn up plans to start a 'Chalo Western Ghats' cycle rally across the region to increase awareness on the ecological threats to the region in light of the provisions in various acts and regulations and to engage the youth to spread the message far and wide. After travelling through various parts of the Western Ghats, the cyclists will converge on June 5 (World Environment Day) at a predetermined place to share experiences and take the campaign further.

P4WG: SWGM reincarnated

With a focus on maintaining inter-generational equity for the protection of Western Ghats and to re-strategise the tempo set by the SWGM, a motley group of people had gathered at Wildernest, Chorala Ghat, Goa on Oct 28-29, 2014. SWGM had inspired the then Minister Of Environment & Forests to set up the WGEEP (Gadgil Committee) in 2009. However, subsequent setting up of the High Level Committee (Kasturirangan Committee) had not only diluted the WGEEP recommendations but had facilitated political polarisation. In its discussions, the group concluded that local communities play a very important role in protecting the Western Ghats and their wisdom should be respectfully en-cooperated at all levels of governance. Under an informal group called ‘People for Western Ghats’ (P4WG), the participants pledged to keep the SWGM flame alive with a small group taking forward the spirit of the meeting.

(Watch this space during 2015 and beyond......)        

It is raining frogs in the Western Ghats

Raorchestes emeraldi from fragmented forests of Valparai plateau, Anaimalai. 
Photo: Vijayakumar S.P.

The year 2014 has been an extraordinary year in the discovery (and re-discovery) of frogs in the Western Ghats. Finding 41 species new to science in a single year—and from the same region of India—is a phenomenal occurrence, especially when rapid economic development has shrunk pristine ecosystems in the Western Ghats. 

Researchers are not done yet and think more species could be found but fear many could be lost even before they are described. Frogs are important indicators of the state of our environment but the slightest climatic change can harm them. What is even more surprising is the fact that most of these discoveries have taken place outside protected areas such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. 

Nine new species of bush frogs, 6 new species of golden-backed frogs, 14 new species of dancing frogs and 12 species of night frogs have been discovered in 2014. All these discoveries have been made in the rainforests of the Western Ghats, one of eight 'hottest hotspots for biodiversity' in the planet. Home to the highest number of endemic species in India, the Western Ghats has also been in the news as its fragile ecology faces destruction from unregulated mining, pollution and habitat loss owing to human settlements and construction. 

Interestingly, researchers have discovered many new frog lineages across various places in the Western Ghats—such as Agasthyamalai in Kerala, Anaimalai and Nilgiris in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, and Kudremukh in Karnataka—showing how little these frogs have been studied and how much more needs to be done. . 

The question worth asking is: “If threat to the Lion-tailed Macaque could lead to the shelving of the Silent Valley Hydroelectric Power Project, will continuous discoveries of new amphibians help protect the entire stretch of the Western Ghats?".........read more.

Chugging along the wrong track

The din of controversy around the Kasturirangan Committee and the Gadgil Panel reports on protecting the Western Ghats notwithstanding, the recent visit by the Supreme Court-appointed Central Empowered Committee (CEC) to the contentious corridor of the proposed 167-km long Hubli-Ankola railway link in the region, has stirred up hornet’s nest yet again.

In their petition to the CEC, environmentalists have argued that the proposed rail link will clear-fell 727 hectares of pristine forests and ancillary developments along the track will impact an additional 3,000 ha of virgin forests and wetlands. That the proposed rail line will pass through the tiger reserve area has already been highlighted in the impact study by the Indian Institute of Science. 

Since Mallikarjun M Kharge from Karnataka became the Union minister for railways, vested interests have worked overtime to reopen the case for getting the pending environmental clearance for the Kalghatagi-Ankola stretch of 122 km on the proposed line. The project requires not just environmental clearance but also an additional `3,000 crore. 

Not only has the cost of the project escalated three times since it was approved by the Railway Board in 2001, lack of funds has prompted the state government to suggest that the project be taken up through a public-private partnership. No wonder environmentalists have argued that the project is a cover for providing easy access for the Hospet-Bellary mining belt to the port at Tadari.  

CEC members are apprised of the fact that the Western Ghats (through which the proposed railway line will pass) has been declared as a World Heritage area by UNESCO. Led by Pandurang Hegde, a group of environmentalists apprised the committee that compensatory afforestation can only be a poor substitute for any stretch of the tropical forests.

The group further informed the committee of its experience with the high voltage power lines passing through the forests in the region. On paper, the transmission corridor had sought a clearance of just three meter width through the forests whereas in reality it accounted for no less than a 56 meter width. The irreversible forest destruction was several times more. However, batting for the project the state government considers the railway line important for linking the hinterland to the coastal region. In reality, however, there exists excellent road connections from Hubli to Ankola built with the help of the Asian Development Bank.

It is shocking that despite being a signatory to the UN Convention on biological diversity, the destruction of 727 hectares of biodiverse tropical forests is considered of little consequence....Link

(First published in Hindustan Times, December 19, 2013)